The sources of acyl also affected the emulsifying properties of four SPLs.Īhmad T, Aadil RM, Ahmed H, Rahman U, Soares BCV, Souza SLQ, Pimentel TC, Scudino H, Guimarães JT, Esmerino EA, Freitas MQ, Almada RB, Vendramel SMR, Silva MC, Cruz AG (2019) Treatment and utilization of dairy industrial waste: a review. The composition of more polar PLs (PC/phosphatidylcholine, PE, PG/phosphatidylglycerol, and PA/phosphatidic acid) in the four SPLs is higher than that of PPF PL. The increase in the HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) value, EAI (emulsifying activity index), and ESI (emulsion stability index) of SPLs compared to PPF PL was supposed to relate to an increase in polarity. Modification of PLs made better emulsifying properties for oil in water emulsion system, compared to PPF PL. This acyl migration occurred at all four SPLs. The phenomenon of acyl migration of EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) was found from the sn-1 to the sn-2 position of the PE. The highest degree of incorporation was in PE (phosphatidylethanolamine). The degree of ω-3 fatty acid incorporation to the SPLs was different that depended on the sources of acyl. The purity of SPLs increased compared to original PPF PLs. The synthesis of structured phospholipids (SPLs) containing ω-3 fatty acids was carried out through enzymatic acidolysis reactions using lipase from Rhizomucor miehei between palm pressed fiber phospholipids (PPF PL) with four ω-3 fatty acid concentrates as different acyl sources.
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